BojepJoe
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 |  Subyek: 100 Schools of Thought Mon Jun 06, 2011 9:17 pm | |
| They were schools (mostly philosophical schools) established privately during the Spring/Autumn Period as well as Warring States period (around 500 BC till 220 BC). Each school was presided by a teacher or a philosopher who represented the particular thoughts and faction. The 100 schools of thoughts represented the golden age of chinese philosophy. The 100 schools of thoughts were called "Zhu Zi Bai Jia" in chinese (诸子百家). It created a great philosophical debate atmosphere during the Spring/Autum Period and Warring States period known as "Bai Jia Zheng Min" (百家争鸣), in which different school carried out debate on the best thoughts to resolve the violent and turbulent period in chinese history. As said, they were private institutions or schools established by philosopher and teachers during the period of spring/autumn and warring states period (500 BC - 300 BC). The origin of establishment was due to the fact that there were incessant warfares during this time and it was a turbulent period in chinese history. Various school sprung forth to train elites, officials, bureaucrats for their state, in order to make their state powerful and ready for war. Various philosophers came forth with different thoughts on how to create a better society and to end the warfare. the main schools: - Spoiler:
Confucianism School (孔家)
Founded by chinese philosopher Confucius, or Kong Fuzi, during the Spring/Autumn period. It was a school that focuses on teaching of ethics such "Li Yue Ren Yi" (礼乐仁义) or "Ritual, Benevolence and Righteous" as a way of creating a good society. This school stressed the that the ruler must be benevolent and use morality when ruling his kingdom. They also stressed a relationship of respect between the ruler and subject in the so-called "Jun Jun Chen Chen" (君君臣臣) and filial piety in the family. The confucian school, after confucius, was succeeded by other philosophers (disciples of Confucius) such as Zi Zhang (子张), Zi Si(子思), Yan Hui (颜回), Mencius (孟子), Qi Diao Shi (漆雕氏), Zhong Liang Shi (仲良氏), Le Zheng Shi (乐正氏) and Xun Zi (旬子) [althogether 8 sects]. During Emperor Han Wudi's time ( western han dynasty around 100 BC), Confucianism became adopted as the state philosophy.
- Spoiler:
"Taoism" or "Daoism" School (道家)
A school that stresses "Dao" (道) or "way" in universe as its main teaching. It was founded by Li Dan (李聃), and later succeeded by Zhuang Zhou (庄周), who is also called Zhuang Zi (庄子). The school taught that Dao is the guiding principle that control every aspect of the universe (the metaphysical teaching). Dao is not an unseen spiritual thing that people can recognise. The Daoism stresses on "Wuwei"(无为) [i.e. do nothing] , listen to the nature, 'give up on benevolence and righteousness' etc. The Daoist school later became a religious sect that developed popularly into a chinese religion during the northern/southern dynasty period of 4th century AD.
- Spoiler:
Mohism School (墨家)l
A unitarianism school during the Spring/Autumn and Warring states period that that opposes the teaching of confucianism. It was founded by Mo Zi (墨子) and liked to use natural science to support its teaching. Mo Zi was later succeeded by Xiang Fu Shi (相夫氏), Xiang Li Shi (相里氏), Deng Ling Shi (邓陵氏) [altogether 3 sects].
- Spoiler:
Legalism School (法家)
A school during the Spring/Autum and Warring states period that stresses the use of law (i.e. legalism) and reform to create a power state. The political philosopher mostly applied their legalist theory to reform a state in areas of politics, economy and society. These reform transform the state from slavery society to a feudalist society. Early representatives of this school include Li Kui (李悝), Wu Qi (吴起), Zi Chan (子产), Shang Yang (商鞅), Shen Bu Hai (申不害), Shen Dao (慎到) etc. Later representatives of this school include Han Fei Zi (韩非子), Li Si (李斯).
- Spoiler:
Yin Yang School (阴阳)
A school during warring states period that stressed dualism "Yin Yang" (two opposing forces "Yin" and "Yang") as well as five elements (Gold, wood, Water, Fire, Earth) as the metaphysic components of the world. The teaching on these were used to explain the natural phenomenon, society and dynasty change (historical pattern) of the world. Representative of this school include Zhou Yan (皱衍) etc.
- Spoiler:
School of Agriculture (农家)
A school during warring states period that teached the farming method, agriculture production and farmers, and stressed the importance of ruler putting emphasis on agriculture as the basis for development. They put forth various farming methods and experiences gathered from past history and research into new methods on increasing the productivity. Representative of this school include Xu Xin (许行), Chen Xiang (陈相) etc.
- Spoiler:
Dialecticians School (名家)
A philosophy school during the warring states period that focus on study of logic, meaning of words, concepts, arguments and debate etc. Representive philosophers include Hui Shi (惠施), Gong Sun Long (公孙龙) etc.
- Spoiler:
Military School (兵家)
A school during the Spring/Autumn and warrings states period that studied on military systems, strategy, warfare, training etc. They were divided into Military Strategy school, Military Formation school, Military Yin Yang school, Military Tacticians School etc. This school studied and accumulated various military experiences gathered from past warfare, and put forth various meaning of war, how to govern the army, military strategy methods etc. They contributed to the military thinking of the world. Representative include Sun Wu (孙武) , Wu Qi (吴起), Sun Bin (孙膑), Wei Liao (尉缭), Sima Rangju (司马穰苴).
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Vertical and Horizontal Alliance School (纵横家)
A school or faction during the warring states period that engaged in political diplomatism activities. The "Vertical Alliance" (合纵) school representatives include Gong Sun Yan (公孙衍) and Su Qin (苏秦), while the "Horizontal Alliance" (连横) school representives include Zhang Yi (张仪). The Allies school stressed the importance of forming an alliance of 6 states altogether to fight against a common power Qin state. The Axis school on the hand stressed the importance of forming an alliance of the powerful Qin state with one or two other states in the east.
- Spoiler:
Generalist School (杂家)
A school during the warring states period that amalgamates all the teaching from various schools . Representative include Lu Bu Wei (吕不韦), who edited the book "Lu Shi Chun Qiu" (吕氏春秋) [The Spring/Autum records by Lu]
 100 thoughts is just a literal but incorrect translations, but there were only about 20 streams of thoughts at that time. The true meaning of "a hundred" means "many" in chinese. There's a similar vocab : 百姓 (literally, a hundred surname). It means all people living under the control of the emperor. Corrections? - Spoiler:
Daoism:
1 Wuwei does not literally mean not acting, but action through non-action.
2 Religious Daoism began during the Eastern Han period with Zhang Daoling, not the 4th century AD as you stated.
Mohism:
The Mohists are utilitarians, not unitarians. They did have an interest in "natural science" as you said, (especially the Later Mohists) but they were also interested in logic (the Later Mohists created some of the most sophisticated logical analysis in all of Zhou philosophy). A very important central belief of the Mohists that you forgot to mention is the ethical doctrine of Jian Ai, or Universal Love. (To love all people without consideration of hierarchial distinctions, unlike the Confucians)
Yin-Yang:
Wuxing should be translated as Five Phases, not "five elements", as they represent fundamental processes in nature in a symbolic way, not fundamental substances like the ancient Greek Four Elements. (There is an ancient Chinese equivalent of the Greek Four Elements, which is simply Qi, the single "energtic" elemental substrate from which all things in the universe are made of. Before Empedocles, the ancient Greeks also had the belief in a single elemental substrate instead of four, e.g. the idea that everything is made from water proposed by Thales) Furthermore, the Five Phases are Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth, not Gold, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth as you stated. Jin in classical Chinese means metal in general, not just gold.
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des_jung
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| | Subyek: Re: 100 Schools of Thought Mon Jun 06, 2011 9:45 pm | |
| nice,haha
kirain bener2 100. org chinese emang doyan pake kiasan :D |
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BojepJoe
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| | Subyek: Re: 100 Schools of Thought Mon Jun 06, 2011 9:55 pm | |
| iya, ada yg bilang juga 100 itu sama sub sektenya. sayang ajaran2 ini banyak ditekan saat dinasti Qin dan dinasti Mao. |
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des_jung
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| | Subyek: Re: 100 Schools of Thought Mon Jun 06, 2011 10:29 pm | |
| filsafat2 beginian sebenarnya uda dikupas abis sama org chinese,cuman sayangnya generasi penerus kurang bs mengaplikasikannya :) apalagi pas komunis masuk,pemikiran begini ditekan abis2an |
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kwang
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| | Subyek: Re: 100 Schools of Thought Fri Jun 17, 2011 3:29 pm | |
| hebat sekali ya ?maju pemikiranya
makanya sampe dibilang " Cari lah ilmu sampai ke China " |
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